The following courses are lectures unless otherwise indicated. For those designated "laboratory," students should see the department's requirements for laboratories (above).

Introduction to Modern Chemistry
V25.0002  Not open to students majoring in chemistry. Science majors and prehealth students take V25.0101 or V25.0109. No prior chemistry is assumed. A knowledge of algebra is desirable. Laboratory and lecture. Offered every semester. 5 points.
Selected principles and applications of chemistry, with emphasis on the fundamental nature of chemistry. Basic course dealing with concepts of atomic and molecular structure, chemical bonding, solution chemistry, equilibrium, reaction rates, and properties of gases, liquids, and solids. Includes elementary problem solving.

General Chemistry I
V25.0101  Prerequisites: high school chemistry and placement into Calculus I (V63.0121) or completion of a course in precalculus. Corequisite: V25.0103. Offered every semester. 4 points.
Along with V25.0102, constitutes an introduction to inorganic and physical chemistry for science majors, engineers, and the prehealth professions. Students who have taken no chemistry or physics in high school may find it advantageous to take V25.0002 prior to this course. Emphasizes the fundamental principles and theories of chemistry. Topics discussed in V25.0101 and V25.0102 include the theories of atomic structure; stoichiometry; properties of gases, liquids, solids, and solutions; periodicity of the properties of elements; chemical bonding; equilibrium; kinetics, thermodynamics; acid-base reactions; electrochemistry, coordination chemistry, and nuclear chemistry. The underlying unity of chemistry is a basic theme.

General Chemistry II
V25.0102  Prerequisite: V25.0101 with a grade of C or better. Corequisite: V25.0104. Offered in the spring. 4 points.
See General Chemistry I (V25.0101), above.

General Chemistry I Laboratory
V25.0103  Prerequisite or corequisite: V25.0101. Laboratory. Offered every semester. 2 points.
Provides an introduction to basic techniques used in experimental chemistry. Many experiments use a computer interface to provide experience in modern methods of data collection and to allow thorough analysis of experimental results. Proper laboratory procedures, chemical safety rules, and environmentally sound methods of chemical disposal and waste minimization are important components of the course. Experiments are selected to provide illustration and reinforcement of the topics covered in V25.0101, including manual and automated titrations, basic chromatography, stoichiometry, thermodynamics, and colorimetry.

General Chemistry II Laboratory
V25.0104  Prerequisite: V25.0103. Prerequisite or corequisite: V25.0102. Laboratory. Offered in the spring. 2 points.
A continuation of V25.0103, with emphasis on the analysis of quantitative data rather than its collection. Experiments are selected to provide illustration and reinforcement of the topics covered in V25.0102, including solution chemistry, kinetics, equilibrium, buffers, solubility, and electrochemistry.

General Chemistry I (Honors)
V25.0109  Prerequisites: high school physics, high school chemistry (Advanced Placement preferred), and calculus through derivatives and integrals; V63.0122 or V63.0222; and permission of the department. Corequisites: V63.0123 and V25.0111. Offered in the fall. 4 points.
V25.0109 covers the same material as V25.0101, except that students are selected and a different text is used, covering the material in greater depth. In addition to the core material, whenever possible, current research results pertaining to these topics are included in class discussions.

General Chemistry II (Honors)
V25.0110  Prerequisites: V25.0109 and permission of the department. Corequisite: V25.0112. Offered in the spring. 4 points.
An advanced introductory course dealing with the kinetic molecular description of the states of matter, chemical thermodynamics, and the rates of chemical processes.

Chemical Experimentation I
V25.0111  Prerequisite: permission of the department. Corequisite: V25.0109. Laboratory. Offered in the fall. 2 points.
Along with V25.0112, provides illustration and reinforcement of topics covered in V25.0109,0110. Experiments include studies of stoichiomery, acid-base chemistry, properties of gases, colligative properties of solutions, thermochemistry, equilibrium, electrochemistry, and kinetics. Many experiments are augmented by the use of interfaced computers. Also includes individualized projects intended to provide a research-like experience.

Chemical Experimentation II
V25.0112  Prerequisites: V25.0111 and permission of the department. Corequisite: V25.0110. Laboratory. Offered in the spring. 2 points.
Continuation of V25.0111.

Principles of Organic Chemistry
V25.0240  Prerequisite: V25.0002 with a grade of C or better. Not open to chemistry majors. Intended primarily for nonscience majors and students in the Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development. Laboratory and lecture. Offered every semester. 5 points.
This one-semester course covers topics such as nomenclature, conformations, stereochemistry, chemical reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds. Fundamentals of biochemistry are introduced, including carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, peptides, and nucleic acids.

Organic Chemistry I
V25.0243  Prerequisite: V25.0102 with a grade of C or better. Corequisite: V25.0245. Offered in the fall. 4 points.
Along with V25.0244, constitutes an introduction to the chemistry of organic compounds. The material is presented in the functional group framework, incorporating reaction mechanisms. Topics include structure and bonding of organic materials, nomenclature, conformational analysis, stereochemistry, spectroscopy, and reactions of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, amines, and carbonyl compounds. Multifunctional organic compounds are covered, including topics of relevance to biochemistry, such as carbohydrates, amino acids, peptides, and nucleic acids.

Organic Chemistry II
V25.0244  Prerequisite: V25.0243 with a grade of C or better. Corequisite: V25.0246. Offered in the spring. 4 points.
See Organic Chemistry I (V25.0243), above.

Organic Chemistry I Laboratory
V25.0245  Prerequisite: V25.0104. Prerequisite or corequisite: V25.0243 or V25.0341. Laboratory. Offered in the fall. 2 points.
Provides training in the basic techniques of the organic chemistry laboratory, including crystallization, distillation, extraction, and other separation techniques, such as column chromatography. Experiments involving the synthesis of organic compounds are introduced, as well as qualitative organic analysis.

Organic Chemistry II Laboratory
V25.0246  Prerequisite: V25.0245. Prerequisite or corequisite: V25.0244 or V25.0342. Laboratory. Offered in the spring. 2 points.
Provides training in the syntheses of organic precursors in high yields and high purity needed for multistep procedures. An extensive research project involving unknown compounds is conducted. The use of IR and NMR spectroscopy is explored.

Organic Chemistry I (Honors)
V25.0341  Prerequisites: V25.0110 or V25.0102, and permission of the department. Corequisite: V25.0245. Offered in the fall. 4 points.
Emphasizes the theory and structures of covalent bonded materials and develops greater insight into reaction mechanisms, plus the challenges and creativity leading to scientific discovery.

Organic Chemistry II (Honors)
V25.0342  Prerequisites: V25.0341 and permission of the department. Corequisite: V25.0246 or V25.0352. Offered in the spring. 4 points.
A continuation of V25.0341. Similar to V25.0244, except in greater depth. In this second semester, emphasis is placed on oxygen-bearing functional groups such as ketones, acids, and acid derivatives, and their importance in forming carbon-to-carbon bonds. These topics are further extended to polyfunctional compounds such as carbohydrates.

Honors Organic Chemistry Laboratory
V25.0352  Prerequisite: V25.0245. Corequisites: V25.0342 or V25.0244, and permission of the department. Laboratory. Offered in the spring. 2 points.
Designed for a select group of Organic Honors I (V25.0341) students, plus highly qualified students from V25.0243. This second-semester laboratory course introduces students to contemporary research topics and instrumentation in organic chemistry. Includes introduction to multistep organic synthesis and molecular modeling; training with NMR, IR, and mass spectroscopy instruments; and the use of HPLC, flash chromatography, and recrystallization techniques for the purification of organic compounds.

Organic Chemistry III
V25.0382  Prerequisite: V25.0244 or V25.0342 with a grade of B or better. 4 points.
In this advanced course, topics missing or only superficially covered in Organic Chemistry II (including Honors Organic II) are discussed in greater depth to provide an insight into factors governing reactivity of organic molecules and mechanisms of organic reactions. Specific topics vary from year to year; may include molecular orbital theory, electrocyclic reactions, photochemistry, free radical chemistry, natural products, bioorganic chemistry, and organic synthesis.

Physical Chemistry I
V25.0651  Prerequisites: V25.0102 or V25.0110; V63.0122 or V63.0222; two semesters of physics with grades of C or better; and a 2.0 average in all prior chemistry requirements. V63.0123 and/or V63.0140 are strongly recommended but not required. Offered in the fall. 4 points.
An introduction to quantum mechanics--general principles and applications to important model systems. Covers electronic structure of one- and many-electron atoms, theory of chemical bonding in diatomic and polyatomic molecules. Includes principles and applications of molecular spectroscopy--rotational, vibrational, electronic, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Elements of photochemistry are also included.

Physical Chemistry II
V25.0652  Prerequisite: V25.0651 with a grade of C or better. Offered in the spring. 4 points.
Continuation of V25.0651. Develops the close connection between the microscopic world of quantum mechanics and the macroscopic world of thermodynamics. Topics include properties of gases, elementary statistical thermodynamics, and thermodynamics of single and multicomponent systems.

Physical Chemistry III
V25.0657  Prerequisite: V25.0652 with a grade of B or better. Offered in the fall. 4 points.
Using the same textbook as for V25.0652, covers topics including kinetic gas theory, kinetic rate laws and mechanisms, gas-phase reaction dynamics, and solids and surface chemistry.

Experimental Methods
V25.0661  Prerequisite: V25.0104. Prerequisite or corequisite: V25.0652. Laboratory and lecture. Offered in the spring. 4 points.
Introduction to the principles and practices of experimental methods widely used in analytical and research laboratories. Emphasizes understanding of background physicochemical theory, as well as capabilities and limitations of methods and interpretations of data. Covers instrumental methods, such as UV/visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, NMR, and fluorescence, for the systematic characterization of compounds and the use of interfaced computers for data collection and spreadsheet analysis. Studies also include an introduction to computer modeling of molecular properties. Optional experiments include fluorescence studies of protein denaturation and laser studies of excited state kinetics.

Electronics for Scientists
V25.0671  Identical to V23.0110, V85.0110. Prerequisite: V85.0012, V85.0093, or permission of the instructor. Lecture and laboratory. 5 points.
See description under Physics (85).

Inorganic Chemistry
V25.0711  Prerequisite: V25.0244 or V25.0342 with a grade of B or better. Corequisite: V25.0651 or permission of the instructor. Offered in the fall. 4 points.
Studies of methods in inorganic chemistry that make use of symmetry to describe bonding and spectra of inorganic compounds. Reactions and kinetics are also discussed for inorganic, organometallic, and bioinorganic compounds. Selected topics in main group chemistry are also included.

Advanced Organic/Inorganic Laboratory
V25.0731  Prerequisite: V25.0246 or V25.0352 with a grade of B or better, or permission of the instructor. Laboratory. Offered in the fall. 4 points.
Advanced laboratory emphasizing techniques commonly used in synthetic inorganic and organic chemistry research. Instruction in techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry, polarimetry, circular dichroism, vibrational spectroscopy, air-sensitive techniques, and thin-layer, column, and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Research examples from nanotechnology, chiral technology, ruthenium electrophotochemistry, porphyrin, and peptide synthesis are explored.

Chemical Dynamics
V25.0741  Prerequisite: V25.0652. Offered in the fall. 4 points.
Covers three areas in modern physical chemistry. The first part reviews equilibrium thermodynamics, including basic laws of thermodynamics and their applications. The second part concentrates on the theory of molecular structure and spectroscopy. The basic principles of quantum mechanics are introduced, with its application to molecular structure. The third part discusses chemical kinetics, theory of reaction rates, and reaction dynamics in gas-phase and gas-surface.

Computational Nanotechnology
V25.0752  Prerequisites: either V25.0244 or V25.0342, and V25.0651, or permission of the instructor. Lecture and laboratory. Offered in the fall. 4 points.
Provides students with a good basic knowledge of molecular modeling and a computational laboratory workbench for computer-based discovery research. The computer laboratory provides access to cutting-edge molecular modeling techniques and software and a hands-on research experience. Students model, design, and calculate the properties of nano-structures, including biomolecules.

Biological Chemistry
V25.0868  Prerequisite: V25.0240. Not open to chemistry majors. Intended primarily for students in the Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development. Laboratory and lecture. Offered in the fall. 5 points.
Study of the four classes of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Topics also include pH and buffers, biosyn-thesis of proteins, properties of enzymes, and metabolic pathways involved in production of energy. Laboratory experiments outline the preparation and study of buffers, analysis of amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Import-ance of biochemistry in everyday life is also surveyed, with experiments concerning smoking, analgesic medicines, and vitamin C.

Organic Reactions
V25.0911  Prerequisites: V25.0244 or V25.0342, and V25.0652. Offered in the fall. 4 points.
Survey of the major classes of organic reactions, reagents, mechanisms, stereochemistry, and protecting groups. Discusses origins of chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, stereoselectivity, and the planning of organic synthesis.

Structure and Theory in Organic Chemistry
V25.0913  Prerequisites: V25.0244 or V25.0342, and V25.0652. Offered in the fall. 4 points.
Stereochemical aspects of bonding in organic molecules. Conforma-tional analyses. Thermodynamic and kinetic methods. Techniques for studying organic mechanisms and reactive intermediates and their applications to substitution, addition, and elimination reactions.

The Contemporary Chemist
V25.0942  Open only to chemistry or biochemistry majors. Offered in the fall. 2 points.
The nontechnical aspects of chemistry are considered through careers, chemical literature, history, and societal interactions. Careers in research, teaching, medicine, business, and law are examined as end products of chemical training. Chemical literature is surveyed with emphasis on chemical abstracts, Beilstein, Gmelin, and landmarks of science. Impacts of chemistry on modern history are explored. Scientific-societal problems are examined through student presentations.

Tutorial in Chemistry
V25.0993,0994  Prerequisites: completion of the required core courses for the major and permission of the department. May count as an advanced elective toward the major. Open to chemistry or biochemistry majors only. Offered every semester. 4 points.
In consultation with the director of undergraduate studies, the student selects a faculty member to serve as a tutor for an in-depth exploration of a specific topic in chemistry. As compared with V25.0995 through 0998, described below, research is not a necessary component. Discussions with the faculty member take place weekly, and a paper is required at the end of the semester.

Senior Honors in Chemistry
V25.0995,0996  Prerequisites: completion of the required core courses for the major and permission of the department. Open only to chemistry or biochemistry majors, entering their senior year, who have maintained an overall average of 3.65 in their course of study and in the courses required for their major. Required for candidates for the degree with honors. V25.0995 offered in the fall; V25.0996 offered in the spring. 2 to 4 points per term.
In consultation with the director of undergraduate studies, the student chooses a faculty member to serve as adviser in an independent program of research in experimental or theoretical chemistry. The student selects an adviser in the spring of the junior year or earlier and undertakes the work that spring, the following summer, and into the senior year. A written progress report at the end of the fall semester of the senior year is required. The research is completed during the spring term, and the student presents the work at the annual College of Arts and Science Undergraduate Research Conference near the end of the term. The research culminates in the writing of a senior thesis that must be approved by the adviser and the director of undergraduate studies.

Advanced Individual Study and Research
V25.0997,0998  Prerequisite: permission of the department. Open to students majoring in chemistry or biochemistry who have maintained an average of 3.0 or better in all departmentally required courses and who possess the necessary ability to pursue research in a field of chemistry or biochemistry. The research adviser is selected in consultation with the director of undergraduate studies. Laboratory. V25.0997 offered in the fall; V25.0998 offered in the spring. 2 to 4 points per term.
Individual study in a selected area tailored to the student's needs insofar as is possible. Training is provided in current research areas. Requires a written progress report at the end of the fall semester and a final research report at the close of the academic year.

GRADUATE COURSES OPEN TO ADVANCED UNDERGRADUATES
Graduate courses in chemistry may be taken for undergraduate credit with the permission of the director of undergraduate studies. In addition to the courses listed below, other 2000-level chemistry courses
are open to advanced undergraduates. For further information, see the director of undergraduate studies and consult the Graduate School of Arts and Science Bulletin.

Strategies in Synthetic Organic Chemistry
G25.1312  Prerequisite: V25.0911. Offered in the spring. 2 points.
A continuation of Organic Reactions (V25.0911), with an emphasis on biologically active and structurally interesting compounds.

Organic Reaction Mechanisms
G25.1314  Prerequisite: V25.0913. Offered in the spring. 2 points.
Discussion of the mechanisms of organic reactions, including the interrelationship between structure and mechanism, nucleophilic and free radical substitution, as well as thermal and photochemical cyclo-addition reactions.

Organic Analysis
G25.1326  Prerequisite: V25.0244 or V25.0342 with a grade of B or better, or permission of the instructor. Offered in the fall. 4 points.
Emphasizes the application of spectroscopic methods in organic chemistry in determining molecular structure, including proton and carbon NMR, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, modern methods of mass spectroscopy, and chiroptical spectroscopy.

Biophysical Chemistry
G25.1814  Prerequisite: V25.0244 or V25.0342. Prerequisite or corequisite: V25.0652. Offered in the spring. 4 points.
Applications of physical and chemical principles to topics of biochemical and biological interest. Emphasis on the basic principles of various biophysical techniques that are used to study important macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Topics include molecular spectroscopic techniques such as light absorption, fluorescence, and circular dichroism, as well as nuclear magnetic resonance and vibrational spectroscopy. Applications of these methods to important biophysical and biochemical problems of current interest such as protein folding, imaging, and protein-DNA interactions are discussed.

Biochemistry I, II
G25.1881,1882  Identical to G23.1046,1047. Prerequisite for G25.1881: V25.0244 or V25.0342. Prerequisite for G25.1882: G25.1881. G25.1881 offered in the fall; G25.1882 offered in the spring. 4 points per term.
Introduction to the chemistry of living cells. Topics include structure and function of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids; enzyme structure, mechanism and regulation of enzyme activity, and membrane structure and transport; mechanisms of cellular processes and cellular physiology, including ion channels and pumps, cell motility, and the immune response. The second term emphasizes analysis of basic metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, electron transport, and oxidative phosphorylation, as well as mechanisms of metabolic regulation and integration.

Experimental Biochemistry
G25.1885  Prerequisite: V25.0244 or V25.0342. Prerequisite or corequisite: G25.1881. Laboratory. Offered in the fall. 4 points.
Introduction to molecular analysis of biomolecules. Selected experiments and instruction in analytical techniques used in biochemical research, including chromatography, spectrophotometry, and electrophoresis; isolation and characterization of selected biomolecules; kinetic analysis of enzymatic activity; analysis of protein- protein and protein-DNA interactions that direct basic biochemical pathways.

Bioorganic Chemistry
G25.2884  Prerequisites: either V25.0244 or V25.0342, and G25.1881, or permission of the instructor. Offered in the spring. 4 points.
Covers a broad range of topics at the interface between organic chemistry and biology. Focus is placed on current advances in bioorganic chemistry, chemical biology, molecular pharmacology, functional genomics, and molecular evolution. Students are expected to enter the class with previous course work in the chemical structure and conformation of polypeptides and nucleic acids.